Mirdamad is a new student among many students

Document Type : Original Article

Author

Manuscript Researcher; MA in Quran and Hadith Studies, the University of Quran and Hadith, Qom, Iran

10.30481/psa.2025.465660.1061
Abstract
Abstract
Mir Damad (died in 1040 AH/1649 AD) was a knowledgeable scholar of the Safavid era, descended from the scholarly lineages of Jabal Amel and Mar’ash in Sham who migrated to Iran. He wrote several works and educated a significant group of students, teaching both the rational (Ma'ghoul) and traditional (Manghoul) sciences over many years in his home in such places as Khorasan, Qazvin, and Isfahan. Despite his influence, many of his disciples remain unknown. In the contemporary era, with the systematic editing and publication of his manuscripts, it has become possible to identify previously unknown students by exploring fragmented papers, monographs, and marginalia. This study tried to introduce specific manuscripts of Mir Damad’s works found in the personal library of Sheikh Mohammad Khatoun Ameli (died in 1059 AH) and other libraries. Through analyzing this data, this study reassessed the relationship between Mir Damad and his contemporary, Ibn Khatoun. The findings showed that Sheikh Mohammad Khatoun, the prominent statesman of the Qutb Shahi dynasty, had a scholarly relationship with Mir Damad and seems to be his disciple.
Keywords: Ibn Khatoun, Astan Quds Razavi, Mohammad Baqer Hosseini Astarabadi, Qutb Shahi Dynasty

Extended Abstract
Introduction
Mir Mohammad Baqer ibn Mohammad Hosseini Astarabadi (died in 1631 AH), widely known as “Mir Damad” and the “Third Teacher”, was a knowledgeable Shia philosopher of the Safavid period. Characterized as a universal scholar, he possessed mastery over philosophy, theology (Kalam), natural sciences, mathematics, jurisprudence, and legal theory. He exerted a foundational influence on the development of Transcendental Wisdom through his most famous student, Mulla Sadra. Mir Damad's works are more than one hundred titles, including books, treatises, commentaries, and marginalia, with Al-Qabasat regarded as his significant philosophical work. Mir Damad descended from the scholarly families of Jabal Amel and Mar’ash (Lebanon and Syria) who migrated to Iran, maintaining close ties with the family of Al-Muhaghegh Karaki (died in 940 AH). During his scientific prime, he trained many notable disciples while teaching rational and traditional sciences in various cities. Hakim Agha Ali Modarres Tehrani (died 1307 AH) states in his Tabaghat Hokamaye Mota’khkerin that three hundred students of Mir Damad attained the rank of Ijtihad, and most of them ascended to the heights rank in the principles of faith. It seems that Mir Damad’s students are numerous and many of them are yet unknown.

Materials and Methods
In the contemporary era, characterized by the systematic editing and publication of numerous manuscripts and the increased accessibility of Mir Damad’s works, one can obtain historical evidence from his fragmented manuscripts, monographs, and scholarly notes. These sources can make pave the way for the identification and introduction of Mir Damad’s unknown disciples. This study used a descriptive-analytical method as well as an inductive strategy to various primary sources. It introduced several manuscripts of Mir Damad’s works held in the private library of Sheikh Mohammad Khatoun Ameli (died in 1059 AH) and other repositories to analyze and reassess the scholarly status and relationship of this contemporary scholar to Mir Damad.

Results
Mir Damad engaged in the instruction of both rational and traditional sciences for many years in his residences, particularly in Qazvin and Isfahan. He taught many works, such as Al-Qabasat, Al-Ofuq al-Mubin, Iimazat, and Taqdisat. Consequently, his circle of disciples extends far beyond the limited individuals cited in books and many of them are yet unknown. One of these students is Sheikh Mohammad Khatoun Ameli. His life and interaction with his master need to be explored.

Discussion and Conclusion
Through exploring many sources and licenses, the names of forty disciples of Mir Damad were identified and introduced. Twelve of these people are relatively unknown, and their precise status as disciples or the exact nature of their interaction with Mir Damad are not clear. On the other hand, some evidence show that Sheikh Mohammad Khatoun was indeed among the disciples of Mir Damad. Some of these supporting evidence are: A) the presence of works of Mir Damad and his prominent students in the Khatoun library; B) some notes found in manuscripts that show a direct scholarly student and master relationship; C) the chronological and geographical alignment of Ibn Khatoun’s living places in Mashhad, Qazvin, and Isfahan with Mir Damad’s life and teaching period in those same cities.
Sheikh Mohammad Khatoun, famously known as Ibn Khatoun Ameli, belonged to the distinguished Ale Khatoun lineage that migrated to Iran and then to India. He was the nephew of Sheikh Bahaei, who provided an endorsement and a license for Ibn Khatoun’s translation and commentary on his book Arbaein. Ibn Khatoun was a knowledgeable scholar with many skills, a jurist, and poet, who worked about twenty years as the Peshwa or prime minister to Sultan Abdullah Qutb Shah in Southern India. He established a significant education center in Hyderabad and trained many students.

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